You are correct. This would have been a hard VFR flight. The bottom line is ATC doesn’t fly the aircraft or die when ATC screws up. Flying over water at night could have induced vertigo here. That usually results in flying in to the water.
With all due respect, I can understand vertigo if flying out to sea at night, where there are no lights. But the Potomac has lights all along that urban landscape…?? That would appear to me to be enough hard ground data to assist the brain with navigation (VFR)? Pilots had been following the river for miles previously during his flight.
